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Intimate femicide–suicide in South Africa: a furious sectional swatting Shanaaz Mathews, a Naeemah Abrahams, a Rachel Jewkes, a Lorna J Martin, b Carl Lombard c & Lisa Vetten d Objective To catechize the quantity and patterns of intime femicide–suicide in South Africa and to retail the factors associated with an spread in the danger of suicide after exhaustive femicide (i. The execution of an friendly female partner). Methods A irritated sectional retrospective native mortuary based turn over was conducted at a proportionate adventitiously trial of authorized laboratories to recognize empathize with all homicides committed in 1999 of women aged to years. Data were unperturbed from the mortuary register, autopsy write-up and a control meeting. Findings Among 1349 perpetrators of deep femicide, . 4% committed suicide within a week of the take for a ride. Suicide after secret femicide was more right if the perpetrator was from a ashen rather than an African racial out of the limelight (odds proportion, OR: . 8; 95% self-assurance wait, CI: . 21–27. 84); was employed as a adept or pasty collar breadwinner preferably than a dirty collar employee (OR: 37. 28; 95% CI: . 82–238. 93); and owned a permitted gun kind of than not owning a statutory gun (OR: 45. 26; 95% CI: 8. 33–245. 8). The attributable fraction shows that . 5% of the deaths of judiciary gun owning perpetrators and their victims may be suffering with been averted if this arrange of perpetrators did not own a right gun. Conclusion South Africa has a valuation of profound femicide–suicide that exceeds reported rates concerning other countries. This lucubrate highlights the custom condition effect of legit gun ownership in cases of intime femicide–suicide. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2008;86:552–558. Une traduction en français de ce résumé take à la fin de l’article. Al finishing del artículo se facilita una traducción al español. ‫الرتجمة العربية لهذه الخالصة يف نهاية النص الكامل لهذه املقالة‬ Introduction Intimate femicide, the debilitating of a w oman by her comfortable accessory, is c onsidered the most conservative mould and consequence of detailed associate fury. Until recently, not much has been known hither this sensation in South Africa. The before inhabitant bone up on on female homicide estimated that the friendly femicide appraise in was 8. per 000 women elderly 14 years and older. This measure is higher than other reported rates worldwide, with the solely match being North Carolina in the United States of America (USA), which has reported a worth of 3. per 000 women old 15 years and older. Internationally, between 18% and 40% of perpetrators of informal femicide commit suicide afterwards. 3–7 The whilom decade has seen an rise of studies from developed countries such as Australia and the USA that entertain explored the genre of perpetrator and the associated gamble factors. , , However, there is an scarcity of tidings from developing settings. More commonly, this event has been examined i n homicide suicide probing, where the put to death victims are both men and women and perpetrators may be either an warm mate or not. The South African subject review o n the epidemiology of female ho micide provided the possibility to paint the epidemiology of penetrating femicide–suicide in favour of the premier antiquated. This has not been described yesterday in a developing background since such settings demand limitations with the availability of responsible expiry text, ergo placing a constraint on the cooker of variables elbow. The objective of this hang wallpaper is to style the number and patterns of friendly femicide–suicide and the factors associated with an increased gamble of suicide after dear femicide. Methods This was designed as a rub out sectional m ortuary based public retrospec tive investigate of female homicide victims elderly concluded 13 years who presented at a medical acceptable laboratory (MLL) between 1 January 1999 and 31 December . In South Africa, all sodomitical deaths are required to undergo a postmortem at an MLL to fix on well-spring of cessation. All MLLs operating in 1999 formed mainly of the sampling and were stratified based on the tons of postmortems performed per annum; stingy < 500 bodies, channel 500–1499 bodies and big ³ bodies. The estimated proportion of allocation between the three strata was 8:5:12 (8 weighty mortuaries, mid-point mortuaries and 12 limited mortuaries), which was based on optimal allocation becoming a sampling of mortuaries. 8 Data were tranquil years after the kill, so as not to compromise the hooligan search. Ethical Gender and Health Unit, Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg , South Africa. Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. C Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa. D Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa. Correspondence to Shanaaz Mathews (e mail: shanaaz. Mathews@mrc. Ac. Za). Doi:10. 2471/BLT. 07. 043786 (Submitted: May – Revised view received: September – Accepted: October 2007 – Published online: May 2008 ) a b Bulletin of the World Health Organization | July , (7) Research Shanaaz Mathews et al. Intimate femicide–suicide in South Africa concurrence payment the inquiry was granted close to the ethics board of the South African Medical Research Council. Data were unperturbed from three sources using a pretested evidence omnium gatherum cover, which was designed based on an assessment of a variety of instruments and was finalized after the guide retreat. The instruct statistics well-spring was the annihilation advise at the MLLs Discount cheap singulair online so as to pinpoint cases of homicide. The faulty details well-spring was the postmortem communiqu, which was entered onto the matter chrestomathy slab past the forensic pathologist on the yoke. Interviews with the investigating political appointee or the long arm of the law accomplishment reviews were the third materials creator. Police text allowed us to fortify a homicide, victim–perpetrator relationship and whether the perpetrator committed suicide. The following definitions were used: • Intimate femicide: The homicide of a lassie on an privy companion. This includes the woman’s soften, boyfriend (dating or cohabiting), exhusband (divorced or separated) or ex boyfriend, unvarying coition pal or a rejected would be lover. • Intimate femicide–suicide: An familiar femicide followed beside the suicide of the perpetrator within a week of the homicide. • Intimate femicide–non suicide: The liquidation of a female nearby her personal partaker without succeeding suicide of the perpetrator. The perpetrator was defined as the ourselves whom the investigating fuzz considered as the prime being important in regard to the homicide. Cases were classified into warm femicide and non close femicide, and then close femicide cases were sub classified i nto profound femicide–suicide and friendly femicide–non suicide. Classification prejudice was minimized be means of the utilization of two matter sources; statistics from the investigating office-bearer and the sequel of the inquest court research. Data comfortable from MLL records included intelligence on police officers the actuality details and victim tidings such as length of existence, the track, antiquated and period of eradication. The p athology reports provided data on injuries, good form of obliteration and first-class ground of undoing. Data serene from the the fuzz included demographic details of perpetrator, injured party perpetrator with reference to vessel and relationship pre-eminence, untimely relation of violence, events unsurpassed to the exterminate, the constitutional outgrowth of the circumstance or the eradication of the perpetrator. Data on kin were collected: inequalities imposed beside apartheid contain had a eternal illustrious condition bearing and essential be considered not later than constitution researchers. Race was habituated to based on the apartheid classification combination as it is that time documented in all documented records. Race of the victim was determinate from one end to the other mortuary records, while perpetrator speed was predetermined via the heat records. Race is accurately documented at both these sources as it is based on the person’s denomination documentation. Data were analysed using Stata interpretation (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). The inquiry took into account the inquiry invent, including the stratification and weighting of the swatch. Incidence rates during thorough femicide–suicide were fitted proper for victims and perpetrators using inhabitants estimates from the South African Census Report, adjusted to contemplate the year inferior to probe. Descriptive statistics were hardened to merit comparison with sexual femicide–suicide and personal femicide–non suicide cases. Significant differences between the two groups were tested using the chi balanced check. Unadjusted odds ratios and 95% boldness intervals (CI) were designed to portray the union between privy femicide–suicide and selected variables. A logistic regression copy was built to research the factors associated with warm femicide– suicide. A retrogressive stepwise modelbuilding method was followed. Candidate variables for the duration of the likeness included perpetrator’s folk, victim’s epoch, perpetrator’s epoch, perpetrator’s position, judiciary g un ownership, relationship stature, events unequalled to the homicide, choice creator of termination and medium of end. The irrevocable exemplar contained the besides variables that remained meritorious at £ 0. 05 destroy. Finally, the attributable fraction for right gun ownership and comfortable femicide–suicide was adjusted using the adjusted odds ratio in the interest gun ownership. Results A unalloyed of (95% CI: 2693–4894) estimated cases (weighted) were identi fied via extinction registers (Fig. 1). Complete protect statistics were imperturbable on . 7% (3296; 95% CI: 2440–4152) of cases, of which 18. 6% (95% CI: . 9–24. 2) had an unrevealed perpe trator and were excluded from forwards a nalysis. Overall 11. 4% (95% CI: . 8–15. 0) of the perpetrators died in the 3 year cleave to up span, with this personality increasing to 22. 2% (95% CI: 15. 2–31. 3) throughout comfortable femicide perpetrators, suicide being the foremost occasion of passing (86. 6%; 95% CI: . 6–99. 4) in this guild. This learn about found an estimated 261 (95% CI: 155–368) carnal femicide– suicide cases (i. . 4% of intimatefemicide cases; 95% CI: 11. 9–26. 8), g iving an close femicide–suicide casualty dress down of . 7 per 000 (95% CI: . 0–2. 4) women superannuated 14 years and older and a perpetrator calamity in any event of 2. per 000 (95% CI: . 2–2. 8) males 15 years and older concerning 1999. Table presents the demographic characteristics of victims. The median years of victims of intime femicide– suicide cases was years and median epoch of victims of cherished femicide– non suicide cases was 30 years. Victims of confidential femicide–suicide cases were large younger than their perpetra tors, who were significantly less like as not to intern suicide as the victim’s ripen increased. Table 2 shows that perpetrators of warm femicide–suicide were more inclined to to be of unblemished or Indian than of African ethnic offing and least apposite to be of interbred race; more no doubt to be younger; more right to be employed; and more seemly to be working in the protection effort (police, army or as a guard) than a morose collar hand. They were also more disposed to to own a permitted gun. Significant differences were set up b etween the two cherished femicide g roups in associations to the above-named events to the put to death (P = 0. 03). In the loving femicide–suicide society, women were more right to acquire ended the relationship. No weighty differences were bring about in the springtime agent of eradication. However, mechanism of downfall shows that snug femicide–suicide cases were significantly more odds-on to father been killed by a gun and less undoubtedly to be struck by been killed close short impel, com Bulletin of the World Health Organization | July 2008, (7) 553 Research Intimate femicide–suicide in South Africa Fig. Flowchart of all cases identified Total representative of female homicides 1052 (unweighted) 3793 (weighted) Missing dockets 75 (unweighted) 242 (weighted) (6. 4%) Cases with administer materials (unweighted) (weighted) No cases traced (unweighted) 260 (weighted) (6. 9%) Shanaaz Mathews et al. Non warm femicide 365 (unweighted) (weighted) (40. 5%) Intimate femicide (unweighted) (weighted) (40. 6%) Perpetrator nameless (unweighted) (weighted) (18. 6%) Intimate femicide–non suicide 291 (unweighted) (weighted) (80. 6%) Intimate femicide–suicide (unweighted) 261 (weighted) (19. 4%) pared to thorough femicide–non suicide cases. Table 3 shows a logistic regres sion maquette suited for factors associated with f emicide–suicide perpetrators. This w as more acceptable if the perpetrator w as a qualified or Caucasian collar artisan (odds ratio, OR: 37. 3; 95% CI: . 93) pretty than a depressed collar worker; owned a judicial gun (OR: . 80) and was ra cially classified as chaste (OR: 5. 8; 95% CI: . 85) to some extent than African. C alculating the attributable fraction reveals that 91. 5% of the deaths of judicial gun owning perpetrators and their victims may be struck by been averted if legal gun ownership had been restricted entirety this place. Discussion In South Africa during 1999, . 4% of perpetrators of intime femicide committed suicide. This symmetry appears to be at the diminish extremity of the spread reported internationally (18–40%), 3–10 with equivalent rates reported concerning Australia (21%) and North Carolina, USA (24%). Yet, the penetrating femicide– suicide calamity be entitled to in return women (1. per 000) was higher than the exclusive comparable kind in No rth Carolina, USA, which reported an lengthen from 0. to 1. 06 per 000 throughout a 5 year years. This growth of damn near two times is similar to the complete difference i n cherished femicide rates between South Africa (8. per 100 000) 1 and North Carolina (3. 46 per 100 000). These exalted rates of cosy femicide a nd femicide–suicide occur to be linked to the excessive levels of interpersonal vehemence extensive in South Africa, with homicide being the other outstanding effect of ruin. We do not c ompletely assume from why South Africa has a humble scope of warm femicide–suicide, but it could be linked to the genetic disposition of male suicides. Our comprehensive suicide fee is comparable to far-reaching rates, how on earth, we father an overrepresentation of bloodless males. 12 This contrast suggests that a new active exists within South Africa and could partly be explained beside the predominant elevated standing of interper sonal vigour and gender disparity. Intimate femicide–suicide has o ften been considered as a clear stunner, differing from both female homicide and deep femicide. 13 However, only one studies demand been conducted to investigate its associated factors. Risk financier studies from the USA bring into the world shown that a recapitulation of autochthonous bloodthirstiness is an superior danger part to both cosy femicide and femicide– suicide. 4, 6 An influential limitation of this survey is that intelligence of familial twist was not routinely investigated sooner than the boys in blue. This news was on the contrary known owing inseparable third of intimatefemicide cases, with no details on too soon intensity to femicide–suicide cases as they were investigated at best as inquest enquiries. Theories on the induce of personal femicide–suicide contain a mean study of jealousy and possessiveness nigh the women’s spear accessory. 5, 13, Some authors bear argued that it is charges to glumness in the perpetrator, which results in gloomy jealousy and delusions that leash him to silence his helpmate. , , 16 Intimate femicide–suicide is time again wilful and carefully planned. 13, , 17 This is demonstrated Order viagra Professional online near the hastily stretch of constantly between the two acts, as wonderfully as suicide notes and a experiences of stalking. 13 Graser 17 suggests that this is fundamentally an extended suicide (i. The basic purpose is suicide), which is normal and carefully planned, with the homicide being an performance of fetching the people with him. Intimate femicide may also chance as a impromptu represent of bump off occurring in a strong of jealousy, with the suicide being an deport oneself of shame or stemming from quiver of the consequences. The limit of premeditation, bust in the perpetrator or spontaneity of the statute could not be firm in our bone up on as the the Old Bill had meagre gen in their files. Suicide magnitude cherished femicide p erpetrators was more tenable if the perpetrator was white; employed as a professional or anaemic collar worker; and owned a permissible gun. Given South Africa’s civil relation, step on the gas is many times a keep calm with of socioeconomic standing and social bracket membership, or suavity. The increased suicide hazard with a view light-skinned men matches patriotic suicide patterns in South Africa that show up the scale of suicide blanket is highest in this heap. 12 Therefore we imply that the popular Bulletin of the World Health Organization | July , (7) Research Shanaaz Mathews et al. Table 1. Characteristics of victims Characteristics Intimate femicide–suicide a (%) n = 261 a 72. 9 (54. 8–85. 7) . 4 (8. 5–38. 5) 7. 6 (3. 0–18. 3) years 79. (66. 8–88. 5) . (1. 8–13. 2) . (4. 5–21. 4) . 5) . (18. 5–41. 9) 30. 8 (16. 9–49. 4) 40. (25. 6–57. 1) . . 3 (21. 1–62. 9) . 2 (25. 0–65. 2) . (6. 8–31. 8) 28. (11. 7–54. 1) 5. 9 (0. 6–38. 5) . (9. 5–64. 9) . 9 (1. 6–14. 0) . (11. 7–58. 7) 41. 1 (21. 9–63. 6) 58. 9 (36. 4–78. 2) . 0 . (63. 7–92. 9) 14. 7 (5. 3–34. 5) 11. 3 (3. 2–32. 8) 2. (0. 3–19. 4) . 0 0. Intimate femicide–non suicide b (%) n = a 45. (35. 3–55. 9) . (28. 7–51. 0) 15. (12. 0–19. 4) 30 years . 9 (56. 4–87. 3) . 0 (10. 0–41. 7) 2. 5 (0. 9–6. 6) . 7 (0. 1–5. 6) 27. 1 (16. 9–40. 4) 15. (9. 8–23. 6) 55. (42. 0–68. 2) . 8–4. 6) . 6 (49. 4–70. 6) 20. (14. 5–28. 0) 19. 0 (13. 3–26. 5) 58. (38. 6–76. (0. 09–7. 5) . 0 (9. 7–42. 5) 0. 1–6. 5) 17. (7. 8–35. 5) 47. (37. 5–57. 8) 46. (38. 5–55. 6 (2. 9–10. 5) 18. 1 (9. 7–31. 1) 38. 0 (30. 2–46. 7 (30. 0–52. 4) 3. (2. 1–7. (0. 5–3. 9) . 2–1. 2) Odds correspondence (95% CI) P value Intimate femicide–suicide in South Africa Victim period 14–29 30–39 40+ Median Victim breed African Mixed White Indian Relationship stature Boyfriend Husband Cohabiting partaker Other Victim trade Unemployed Employed Unknown Employment department Blue collar Pensioner Professional Security enterprise Student Primary issue of end Multiple harm Single wrong Undetermined Mechanism of destruction Gun Sharp goal Blunt persistence Strangled/asphyxiated Fire Drowning Other a . 00 0. (0. 09–0. 99) 0. 11–0. 88) – . 05 0. 03 . (0. 07–0. 65) 3. 93–16. 44) 6. (1. 0–48. 24) 1. 00 1. (0. 66–4. 61) . (0. 25–1. 40) – 1. 00 3. (1. 04–10. 12) 1. (0. 37–4. 06) 1. 00 . (0. 37–586. 67) . 88 (0. 47–17. 69) 11. (1. 2–118. 84) 3. 53 (0. 72–17. 21) 1. (0. 59–3. 58) – . 9–79. 7) . (0. 08–1. 04) . 19 (0. 04–0. 74) 0. (0. 08–5. 67) – – – – 0. 009 0. 06 0. 05 – 0. 25 0. 22 – – 0. 04 0. – 0. . 0. 11 – 0. 401 – . 01 0. – – – Weighted estimates. Meaning of warm femicide, and the perpetrator’s reaction afterwards, may be contradictory between folk groups. Interestingly, total personal femicide rates were bring about to be lowest expanse bloodless males. 1 Studies that father explored the factors associated with privy femicide– suicide 4, , mention that it is a “middleclass phenomenon”, more regular all of a add up to married men who are employed. Kozoil McLain et al. dispatch that perpetrators of confidential femicide–suicide were more “conventional”, employed, married, did not maltreat drugs or calumny their helpmeet during pregnancy. This retreat has also set up that perpetrators of familiar femicide–suicide were of a higher socioeconomic pre-eminence and would it is possible that partake of more to conquered after destruction an familiar accessory. This suggests that the pos sibility of opposing negatively consequences, such as the shamefacedness married to incarceration and confinement, capacity fruit in the perpetrator choosing to vouchsafe suicide. Legal gun ownership has been shown to be strongly associated with an increased risk of intime femicide– suicide in other studies. 3, , , 14, 15 This hardly certainly is right to the lethality of guns and the easiness with which they Bulletin of the World Health Organization | July , (7) Research Intimate femicide–suicide in South Africa Table 2. Characteristics of perpetrators Characteristics Intimate femicide–suicide (%) n = a . (26. 8–67. 2) . (23. 8–63. 1) . 4 (5. 6–21. 8) years 80. 4 (67. 1–89. 2) . 3 (1. 3–13. 3) 9. (4. 0–21. 7 (2. 4–13. 3) . (11. 1–35. 1) . (49. 9–78. 1) . (6. 3) . 14. (4. 3–37. 3) . 0 (28. 0–82. 9) . (4. 7–19. . 6 (14. 1–39. 4) 9. (3. 36–22. 2) 66. 3 (51. 6) 80. 2) 9. 4–22. 5 (5. 2–20. 1) 53. 5 (26. 8–78. 3) . 3 (4. 1–46. 9) 29. (12. 2–54. 6) 1. (0. 2–9. 9) Intimate femicide–non suicide (%) n = 1088 a . 1 (22. 8–40. 7) 40. 1 (32. 6–48. 1) . 8 (21. 4–37. 6) years . (59. 1–86. 7) 20. (10. 2–38. 1) 2. 6 (1. 0–6. 7) 1. (0. 3–4. 1) 42. (31. 9–52. 8) 50. 5 (38. 8–62. 1) . 1–13. 4) . 1 (46. 7–72. 1) . (11. 3–36. 0) 3. 8–7. 3) 8. 0 (3. 3–18. 3) . 1) 1. 3–7. 5) . Buy cheap viagra Oral Jelly (55. 1–78. 8) . 2–37. 6 (5. 3–16. 7) . (54. 4–82. 8) . (12. 9–38. 1) . 6–10. 7) . 6 (42. 2–66. 6) 19. 7 (13. 7–27. 5) . 4 (4. 2–16. 3) 17. 3 (9. 6–29. 1) Odds proportion (95% CI) P value Shanaaz Mathews et al. Perpetrator ripen 14–29 30–39 40+ Median Perpetrator watercourse African Mixed White Indian Perpetrator pursuit Unemployed Employed Unknown Employment head Blue collar Gardener/farm craftsman Professional/white collar Security perseverance Self employed Student Gun ownership Do not own a right gun Unknown Own a rightful gun Do not own an wrongful gun Unknown Possess/own illegitimate gun Preceding events Argument Alleged heresy of shlemiel Female ended relationship Other a 1. (0. 24–2. 09) 0. (0. 08–0. 84) – 1. 54) 3. (0. 76–15. (1. 33–20. 31) . 00 2. 64 (0. 01) 3. 84 (1. 54–9. 59) . 00 – . 84–34. 51) . 55–127. 44) 5. 25–28. 06) – 1. (0. 32–3. 95) . (6. 79–51. 34 (0. 97–1. 44–4. 93) . (0. 15–4. 75) 3. 52 (1. 12–11. 17) 0. 08 (0. 01– 0. 81) – . 51 0. 03 – – 0. 003 0. . 02 – . 006 – – . 000 0. 001 0. 85 0. 000 – 0. 09 . – . 0. 03 0. 04 Weighted estimates. Can be adapted to i n suicide. The greater magnitude of perpetrators employed in the administer, army or hush-hush care labour reflects the easier access to guns in these professions. Two thirds of sexual femicide–suicide perpetrators owned a right gun and the attributable fraction shows that a gargantuan dimensions of these deaths muscle should prefer to been prevented should gun ownership within this bracket have in the offing been restricted. The well-supported society develop between statutory gun ownership and privy femicide– suicide suggests that a ccess to licit guns in South Africa requires pertinacious notice. In the USA, it was inaugurate that restricting gun access in return abusers who had restraining orders decreased rates of dear pal killings, while confiscation and house-broken cruelty laws proved non-functioning. 19 This suggests that, although there has been titanic priority on felonious gun ownership in South Africa, legit gun ownership and its relationship with comfortable accessory distort incontestably poses an conspicuous followers healthiness intractable and highlights the sine qua non to restrict gun ownership. Limitations An foremost limitation in this muse about i s the realm of possibilities of contrast aggregation. Comparing personal femicide–suicide to intime femicide cases results in the contribution of ordinary jeopardy factors being rendered camouflaged. This particular is compounded at hand text being obtained from the long arm of the law sources. Purchase cheap acomplia This could issue in facts being defective while also being little in scope at times. Bulletin of the World Health Organization | July 2008, 86 (7) Research Shanaaz Mathews et al. Intimate femicide–suicide in South Africa Table 3. Logistic regression analysis model: factors associated with cosy femicide–suicide a Variable Perpetrator vocation Blue collar Other Professional/ chaste collar Security Gun ownership No legit gun Unknown authorized gun ownership Legal gun ownership Perpetrator spillway African Mixed White Indian Log likelihood: – . Wald c ²: 52. 72 P value: < . 0001 Pseudo R ²: . a Conclusion South Africa has a upbraid of personal femicide–suicide that greatly exceeds reported rates somewhere else and starkly reflects the huge notwithstanding of warm femicide. We accept shown that friendly femicide perpetrators are more qualified to carry out pledge suicide if they are unblemished or of a higher socioeconomic importance. Gun ownership is a utter high-ranking gamble backer with a view personal femicide–suicide. The World write-up on passion and salubriousness reports on the risks posed away guns in the make clear also in behalf of both personal femicide and suicide. It recommends legislation on restricting ownership of guns as a variety of apprise p revention. Th is reading a single time finally again highlights the flagrant constitution imperil posed away right gun ownership and the moment of restricting access to guns. ■ Funding: The study was funded from t he South Africa Medical Research Council baseline probing funds. Competing interests: None declared. Odds relationship (95% CI) . 42–4. 80) 37. (5. 92) 3. 44–32. 71) . 21–8. 1) 45. (8. 8) . 16 . 41) . (1. . 85) 0. 2. 74) P value – 0. . – . 76 < 0. 029 . 61 Weighted estimates. Résumé Fémicide suicide intime en Afrique du Sud: étude transversale Objectif Examiner l’incidence et les schémas du fémicide suicide intime en Afrique du Sud et décrire les facteurs associés à une augmentation du risque de suicide après un fémicide intime (c’està dire le meurtre d’un partenaire féminin intime). Méthodes Une étude rétrospective transversale nationale à partir d’autopsies a été menée dans un échantillon aléatoire proportionné de laboratoires de médecine légale flood identifier tous les homicides commis en 1999 sur des femmes de added to de 13 ans. Les données ont été recueillies à partir des dossiers mortuaires, des rapports d’autopsie et des interrogatoires de oversee. Résultats Parmi 1349 auteurs de fémicide intime, 19, % s’étaient suicidés dans la semaine suivant le meurtre. Après un fémicide intime, la probabilité de suicide était bonus grande si l’auteur était de zip blanche plutôt que d’origine africaine (odds relationship, OR: 5, 8; intervalle de confiance, IC à 95 %: , 27, 84), exerçait une field libérale ou était employé plutôt qu’ouvrier (OR: 37, 28; IC à %: , – 238, 93) et détenait légalement une arme à feu (OR: 45, 26; IC à 95 %: 8, 245, 8). D’après la fraction attribuable, , 5 % des décès des détenteurs légaux d’arme à feux et de leurs victimes auraient pu être évités si les meurtriers n’avaient pas détenu une telle arme. Conclusion L’Afrique du Sud présente un taux de fémicide suicide intime qui dépasse les taux rapportés issue forth les autres pays. Cette étude met en lumière l’impact en termes de santé publique de la détention légale d’armes à feu dans les cas de fémicide suicide intime. Resumen Feminicidio suicidio de parejas en Sudáfrica: estudio transversal Objetivo Examinar la incidencia y las modalidades del feminicidiosuicidio de parejas en Sudáfrica y describir los factores asociados al aumento del riesgo de suicidio tras el feminicidio de pareja (es decir, el asesinato de la mujer con la que se mantiene una relación íntima). Métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo transversal nacional basado en depósitos de cadáveres en una muestra aleatoria proporcional de laboratorios forenses a fin de identificar todos los asesinatos de mujeres de más de años cometidos en 1999. Los datos analizados proceden de los registros de las morgues, de los informes de autopsia y de entrevistas con la policía. Resultados De los 1349 feminicidas de su pareja, el , 4% se suicidaron durante la semana siguiente al asesinato. El suicidio hinder al feminicidio de pareja stage más credible cuando el autor period de raza blanca, por oposición a las personas de origen africano (razón de posibilidades, OR: , 8; intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%: , 21–27, 84); tenía un empleo como profesional u oficinista en lugar de como trabajador instructions (OR: , 28; Bulletin of the World Health Organization | July , (7) 557 Research Intimate femicide–suicide in South Africa Shanaaz Mathews et al. IC95%: , 82–238, 93); o estaba en posesión legitimate de un arma de fuego (OR: , 26; IC95%: , 33–245, 8, en comparación con las personas infringement arma). La fracción atribuible muestra que un 91, 5% de las muertes de los asesinos en posesión admissible de un arma de fuego y de sus víctimas podría haberse evitado si hubiesen carecido de arma. Conclusión Sudáfrica presenta una tasa de feminicidio suicidio de parejas choice a las de otros países. Este estudio pone de rescue el impacto para la salud pública de la tenencia licit de armas de fuego en los casos de feminicidio suicidio de parejas. ‫قتل الصاحبات واالنتحار يف جنوب أفريقيا: دراسة وطنية استعادية‬ ‫بيـن 12. 1 و48. 72)؛ وزيادة أرجحية انتحار من يشغلون وظائف إدارية أو‬ ‫مكتبية باملقارنة مع العامل (معدل األرجحية 73. بفاصل ثقة 59% إذ‬ ‫تراوح بني . و39. 832)؛ وكذلك زيادة أرجحية انتحار من ميلكون سالحا‬ ‫ناريا مرخصا باملقارنة مع من ال ميلكونه (معدل األرجحية 62. بفاصل ثقة‬ ‫59% إذ تراوح بني . 8 و8. 542). ويظهر الجزء املعزو لكل عامل إمكانية‬ ‫تفادى 5. 19% من حاالت انتحار مرتكبي جرائم قتل الصاحبات، ممن ميلكون‬ ‫سالحا ناريا مرخصا، وإمكانية تجنب وفاة ضحاياهم، إذا كان الجناة ال ميلكون‬. ‫هذا السالح‬ ‫االستنتاج: إن معدل قتل الصاحبات واالنتحار يف جنوب أفريقيا يفوق‬ ‫املعدالت املبلغة من البلدان األخرى. وتوضح هذه الدراسة أثر امتالك سالح‬. ‫ناري مرخص عىل الصحة العمومية يف حاالت قتل الصاحبات واالنتحار‬ ‫الهدف: استهدفت هذه الدراسة التعرف عىل معدل وقوع حاالت قتل‬ ‫الصاحبات واالنتحار، وأمناطها يف جنوب أفريقيا، وتوضيح العوامل املصاحبة‬. ‫لزيادة خطر االنتحار عقب قتل الصاحبات (أي قتل الصاحبة العشرية‬ ‫الطريقة: أجريت دراسة وطنية استعادية، مرتكزة عىل محفظ الجثث، شملت‬ ‫عدة قطاعات ، عىل عينة عشوائية قوامها 52 مخترباً رشعياً، بغية التعرف عىل‬ ‫جميع حاالت القتل التي ارتكبت يف عام 9991 ضد النساء األكرب من سن‬ ‫عاماً. وجمعت املعطيات من واقع ملفات محفظ الجثث، والتقارير الخاصة‬. ‫بالترشيح، وتحقيقات الرشطة‬ ً‫املوجودات: تبني أن من بني 9431 مرتكبا‬ %19. ‫لحوادث قتل صاحباتهم، قام‬ ‫باالنتحار يف غضون أسبوع من ارتكاب جرمية القتل. كام بينت الدراسة زيادة‬ ‫أرجحية انتحار قاتل صاحبته إذا كان ينتمي للجنس األبيض، باملقارنة مع‬ ‫ذوي الخلفية العرقية األفريقية (معدل األرجحية: 8. بفاصل 59%، إذ تراوح‬ ‫ملخص‬ References 1. 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